提高深神经网络（DNN）对分布（OOD）数据的准确性对于在现实世界应用中接受深度学习（DL）至关重要。已经观察到，分布（ID）与OOD数据的准确性遵循线性趋势和模型表现优于该基线非常罕见（并被称为“有效鲁棒”）。最近，已经开发出一些有前途的方法来提高OOD的鲁棒性：模型修剪，数据增强和结合或零射门评估大型预审预周化模型。但是，仍然对观察有效鲁棒性所需的OOD数据和模型属性的条件尚无清晰的了解。我们通过对多种方法进行全面的经验研究来解决这个问题，这些方法已知会影响OOD鲁棒性，对CIFAR-10和Imagenet的广泛自然和合成分布转移。特别是，我们通过傅立叶镜头观察“有效的鲁棒性难题”，并询问模型和OOD数据的光谱特性如何影响相应的有效鲁棒性。我们发现这个傅立叶镜头提供了一些深入的了解，为什么某些强大的模型，尤其是夹家族的模型，可以实现稳健性。但是，我们的分析还清楚地表明，没有已知的指标始终是对OOD鲁棒性的最佳解释（甚至是强烈的解释）。因此，为了帮助未来对OOD难题的研究，我们通过引入一组预处理的模型（固定的模型），以有效的稳健性（可公开可鲁棒）解决了差距，这些模型（固有的模型）以及不同级别的OOD稳健性。

我们介绍了Plenoxels（plenoptic voxels），是一种光电型观测合成系统。Plenoxels表示作为具有球形谐波的稀疏3D网格的场景。该表示可以通过梯度方法和正则化从校准图像进行优化，而没有任何神经元件。在标准，基准任务中，Plenoxels优化了比神经辐射场更快的两个数量级，无需视觉质量损失。

尽管他们能够代表高度表现力的功能，但深度学习模型似乎找到了简单的解决方案，这些解决方案令人惊讶地概括了。光谱偏见 - 神经网络优先学习低频功能的趋势 - 是对此现象的一种可能解释，但是到目前为止，在理论模型和简化实验中，主要观察到了光谱偏差。在这项工作中，我们提出了用于测量CIFAR-10和Imagenet上现代图像分类网络中光谱偏差的方法。我们发现这些网络确实表现出光谱偏差，并且提高CIFAR-10测试准确性的干预措施往往会产生学到的功能，这些功能总体上具有较高的频率，但在每个类别的示例附近频率较低。这种趋势在培训时间，模型架构，培训示例的数量，数据增强和自我介绍的变化之间存在。我们还探索了功能频率和图像频率之间的连接，并发现光谱偏置对自然图像中普遍存在的低频敏感。在Imagenet上，我们发现学习的功能频率也随内部类别的多样性而变化，并且在更多样化的类别上具有较高的频率。我们的工作使测量并最终影响用于图像分类的神经网络的光谱行为，并且是理解为什么深层模型良好概述的一步。

We show that passing input points through a simple Fourier feature mapping enables a multilayer perceptron (MLP) to learn high-frequency functions in lowdimensional problem domains. These results shed light on recent advances in computer vision and graphics that achieve state-of-the-art results by using MLPs to represent complex 3D objects and scenes. Using tools from the neural tangent kernel (NTK) literature, we show that a standard MLP fails to learn high frequencies both in theory and in practice. To overcome this spectral bias, we use a Fourier feature mapping to transform the effective NTK into a stationary kernel with a tunable bandwidth. We suggest an approach for selecting problem-specific Fourier features that greatly improves the performance of MLPs for low-dimensional regression tasks relevant to the computer vision and graphics communities.

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, but the quality bar for medical and clinical applications is high. Today, attempts to assess models' clinical knowledge typically rely on automated evaluations on limited benchmarks. There is no standard to evaluate model predictions and reasoning across a breadth of tasks. To address this, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing open question answering datasets spanning professional medical exams, research, and consumer queries; and HealthSearchQA, a new free-response dataset of medical questions searched online. We propose a framework for human evaluation of model answers along multiple axes including factuality, precision, possible harm, and bias. In addition, we evaluate PaLM (a 540-billion parameter LLM) and its instruction-tuned variant, Flan-PaLM, on MultiMedQA. Using a combination of prompting strategies, Flan-PaLM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on every MultiMedQA multiple-choice dataset (MedQA, MedMCQA, PubMedQA, MMLU clinical topics), including 67.6% accuracy on MedQA (US Medical License Exam questions), surpassing prior state-of-the-art by over 17%. However, human evaluation reveals key gaps in Flan-PaLM responses. To resolve this we introduce instruction prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient approach for aligning LLMs to new domains using a few exemplars. The resulting model, Med-PaLM, performs encouragingly, but remains inferior to clinicians. We show that comprehension, recall of knowledge, and medical reasoning improve with model scale and instruction prompt tuning, suggesting the potential utility of LLMs in medicine. Our human evaluations reveal important limitations of today's models, reinforcing the importance of both evaluation frameworks and method development in creating safe, helpful LLM models for clinical applications.

National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(NASDAQ) is an American stock exchange based. It is one of the most valuable stock economic indices in the world and is located in New York City \cite{pagano2008quality}. The volatility of the stock market and the influence of economic indicators such as crude oil, gold, and the dollar in the stock market, and NASDAQ shares are also affected and have a volatile and chaotic nature \cite{firouzjaee2022lstm}.In this article, we have examined the effect of oil, dollar, gold, and the volatility of the stock market in the economic market, and then we have also examined the effect of these indicators on NASDAQ stocks. Then we started to analyze the impact of the feedback on the past prices of NASDAQ stocks and its impact on the current price. Using PCA and Linear Regression algorithm, we have designed an optimal dynamic learning experience for modeling these stocks. The results obtained from the quantitative analysis are consistent with the results of the qualitative analysis of economic studies, and the modeling done with the optimal dynamic experience of machine learning justifies the current price of NASDAQ shares.

Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) are emerging as a ubiquitous scene representation that allows for novel view synthesis. Increasingly, NeRFs will be shareable with other people. Before sharing a NeRF, though, it might be desirable to remove personal information or unsightly objects. Such removal is not easily achieved with the current NeRF editing frameworks. We propose a framework to remove objects from a NeRF representation created from an RGB-D sequence. Our NeRF inpainting method leverages recent work in 2D image inpainting and is guided by a user-provided mask. Our algorithm is underpinned by a confidence based view selection procedure. It chooses which of the individual 2D inpainted images to use in the creation of the NeRF, so that the resulting inpainted NeRF is 3D consistent. We show that our method for NeRF editing is effective for synthesizing plausible inpaintings in a multi-view coherent manner. We validate our approach using a new and still-challenging dataset for the task of NeRF inpainting.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

The study of the attention mechanism has sparked interest in many fields, such as language modeling and machine translation. Although its patterns have been exploited to perform different tasks, from neural network understanding to textual alignment, no previous work has analysed the encoder-decoder attention behavior in speech translation (ST) nor used it to improve ST on a specific task. In this paper, we fill this gap by proposing an attention-based policy (EDAtt) for simultaneous ST (SimulST) that is motivated by an analysis of the existing attention relations between audio input and textual output. Its goal is to leverage the encoder-decoder attention scores to guide inference in real time. Results on en->{de, es} show that the EDAtt policy achieves overall better results compared to the SimulST state of the art, especially in terms of computational-aware latency.

The underlying dynamics and patterns of 3D surface meshes deforming over time can be discovered by unsupervised learning, especially autoencoders, which calculate low-dimensional embeddings of the surfaces. To study the deformation patterns of unseen shapes by transfer learning, we want to train an autoencoder that can analyze new surface meshes without training a new network. Here, most state-of-the-art autoencoders cannot handle meshes of different connectivity and therefore have limited to no generalization capacities to new meshes. Also, reconstruction errors strongly increase in comparison to the errors for the training shapes. To address this, we propose a novel spectral CoSMA (Convolutional Semi-Regular Mesh Autoencoder) network. This patch-based approach is combined with a surface-aware training. It reconstructs surfaces not presented during training and generalizes the deformation behavior of the surfaces' patches. The novel approach reconstructs unseen meshes from different datasets in superior quality compared to state-of-the-art autoencoders that have been trained on these shapes. Our transfer learning errors on unseen shapes are 40% lower than those from models learned directly on the data. Furthermore, baseline autoencoders detect deformation patterns of unseen mesh sequences only for the whole shape. In contrast, due to the employed regional patches and stable reconstruction quality, we can localize where on the surfaces these deformation patterns manifest.